Double bass? Contrabass? Acoustic bass? Upright bass? Stand-up bass? Bass fiddle?
Why are there so many names for this instrument?
The Origins of the Double Bass and Its Many Names
The double bass is a versatile instrument that has been a cornerstone of orchestral and jazz music for centuries. Its rich, deep tones have captivated audiences and musicians alike. However, one peculiar aspect of this instrument is the multitude of names it goes by. From contrabass to upright bass, bass fiddle to doghouse bass, the variety of monikers can be confusing for newcomers and even seasoned musicians. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the origins of the double bass and delve into the reasons behind its numerous appellations.
The Early Days: Birth of the Double Bass
To understand why the double bass has so many names, we must first look at its origins. The modern double bass evolved from the viol family of instruments, which were popular during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The exact date of its inception is debated among music historians, but most agree that the instrument we now recognize as the double bass began to take shape in the late 16th to early 17th century.
Initially, the double bass was not a standardized instrument. Various sizes and shapes were used, and it was often custom-built to suit the needs of individual players or orchestras. This lack of standardization contributed to the variety of names used to describe the instrument.
The Etymology of “Double Bass”
The term “double bass” itself has an interesting origin. In early orchestral music, the bass line was typically played by instruments like the cello or bassoon. These instruments played at what’s known as “8-foot pitch,” referring to the length of an organ pipe that produces the lowest C on a piano.
As composers began to write more complex music, they sought an instrument that could play an octave lower than the cello, effectively doubling the bass line. This new instrument played at “16-foot pitch,” twice as low as the standard bass instruments. Hence, it became known as the “double” bass, referring to its ability to double the bass line an octave lower.
Contrabass: A Close Cousin
The term “contrabass” is often used interchangeably with “double bass,” especially in orchestral settings. “Contra” comes from the Latin word meaning “against” or “opposite.” In this context, it refers to the instrument’s pitch being contrary or opposite to the standard bass range.
In some languages, such as Italian (contrabbasso) and German (Kontrabass), this term is more commonly used than “double bass.” The preference for “contrabass” in these languages has influenced its usage in English-speaking countries, particularly in classical music circles.
Upright Bass and Stand-up Bass: Jazz Terminology
As the double bass found its way into jazz ensembles in the early 20th century, new names emerged to describe it. “Upright bass” and “stand-up bass” became popular terms, emphasizing the instrument’s vertical playing position. These names helped distinguish it from the electric bass guitar, which was becoming increasingly popular in popular music.
The jazz community’s adoption of these terms reflects the instrument’s versatility and its ability to cross musical genres. In jazz settings, the double bass often takes on a more prominent role than in classical orchestras, leading to a desire for a distinct name that reflects its unique function in this genre.
Bass Fiddle and Bull Fiddle: Folk Music Influence
In folk and country music traditions, the double bass is often referred to as the “bass fiddle” or “bull fiddle.” These names reflect the instrument’s role in these genres and its perceived similarity to the violin family.
The term “fiddle” has long been used as a colloquial name for bowed string instruments, particularly in folk music contexts. Adding “bass” or “bull” to “fiddle” emphasizes the instrument’s low range and large size. The use of “bull” also adds a touch of humor, likening the instrument’s size and deep sound to the bellowing of a bull.
Doghouse Bass: A Humorous Moniker
One of the more colorful names for the double bass is “doghouse bass.” This nickname likely originated from the instrument’s large size and shape, which somewhat resembles a doghouse. Players often use it affectionately, reflecting the close relationship they develop with their instruments.
The term “doghouse bass” also highlights the instrument’s portability challenges. Double bass players often joke about the difficulties of transporting such a large instrument, likening it to carrying a small house on their backs.
Acoustic Bass: A Modern Distinction
With the rise of electric instruments in the mid-20th century, the term “acoustic bass” came into use to distinguish the traditional double bass from its electric counterpart. This name emphasizes the instrument’s acoustic nature and is particularly common in contemporary and popular music settings where both acoustic and electric basses might be used.
Bass Viol: A Historical Connection
The term “bass viol” harkens back to the instrument’s origins in the viol family. While the modern double bass has evolved significantly from its viol ancestors, this name serves as a reminder of its historical roots.
In some classical music circles, particularly those focused on historically informed performance, “bass viol” might be used to refer specifically to instruments built in the style of historical viols, distinguishing them from modern double basses.
Regional and Cultural Variations
The double bass’s many names also reflect regional and cultural differences. For example:
- In French, it’s often called “contrebasse” or “basse.”
- In Spanish, “contrabajo” is common.
- In Italian, “contrabbasso” is the standard term.
- In German-speaking countries, “Kontrabass” is widely used.
These variations contribute to the instrument’s diverse nomenclature and reflect its global presence in various musical traditions.
The Impact of Instrument Evolution
The double bass has undergone significant changes throughout its history. From variations in size and shape to changes in stringing and tuning, these evolutions have influenced how the instrument is perceived and named.
For instance, the shift from three to four strings (and sometimes five in modern instruments) has affected the instrument’s range and capabilities. These changes have sometimes led to new names or descriptors being applied to specific variations of the instrument.
The Role of Musicians and Composers
Famous musicians and composers have also played a role in shaping the perception and naming of the double bass. As the instrument’s capabilities were explored and expanded, new terms emerged to describe its various uses and techniques.
For example, the term “jazz bass” might be used to describe a double bass when it’s played in a jazz context, emphasizing the unique playing style and role it takes on in this genre.
The Double Bass in the Digital Age
In the modern era, the double bass continues to evolve, both in its physical form and in how it’s perceived. Digital technology has led to the development of electric upright basses and MIDI bass controllers, further expanding the instrument’s capabilities and the terminology used to describe it.
These technological advancements have introduced new terms, like “EUB” (Electric Upright Bass), to the instrument’s already extensive list of names.
Conclusion: Embracing the Diversity
The multitude of names for the double bass reflects its rich history, versatility, and global presence in various musical traditions. From its origins in the viol family to its current status as a crucial instrument in orchestras, jazz ensembles, and beyond, the double bass has accumulated various names that speak to its evolution and the affection musicians hold for it.
Whether you call it a double bass, contrabass, upright bass, or any of its other monikers, this instrument continues to captivate and inspire. Its many names are a testament to its enduring presence in the world of music and its ability to adapt to various musical contexts and cultural settings.
As we move forward, it’s likely that new names and terms will emerge to describe this beloved instrument. However, regardless of what it’s called, the double bass will undoubtedly continue to play a crucial role in shaping the sound of music across genres and cultures for generations to come.
